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	<title>Comments on: Environmentalism by Breach of Contract</title>
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	<description>The Law, the Universe, and Everything</description>
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		<title>By: eric</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45145</link>
		<dc:creator>eric</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Jan 2009 20:40:42 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>Ironically, A.W. is right, but misses the actual irony and actual truth in Patrick&#039;s comments.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ironically, A.W. is right, but misses the actual irony and actual truth in Patrick&#8217;s comments.</p>
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		<title>By: A.W.</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45144</link>
		<dc:creator>A.W.</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 20:37:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45144</guid>
		<description>Patrick

Ironically, i think you told the truth, hidden by a veneer of sarcasm.  :-)

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Patrick</p>
<p>Ironically, i think you told the truth, hidden by a veneer of sarcasm.  <img src='http://www.concurringopinions.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>By: tired anon</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45143</link>
		<dc:creator>tired anon</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 20:27:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45143</guid>
		<description>&lt;blockquote&gt;Since when do you go to jail for breaching a contract?&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Miriam: he didn&#039;t just breach a contract; he entered into a contract without any intention to perform. This is a classic common-law fraud. I am quite sure it&#039;s also a criminal fraud, but I don&#039;t have time to search this stuff now. For common-law fraud, see, e.g., here:

http://books.google.com/books?id=k-AnAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA4684&amp;lpg=PA4684&amp;dq=fraud+not+intended+to+perform+contract&amp;source=web&amp;ots=xVj60i5t3j&amp;sig=Qr4F7QOhTSsnlDqDFQddgUCIJaM&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ct=result

k. If a promise to perform some act in the future is made with the design and intention of the promisor to disregard it, and with no intention to perform it, and is made to deceive and entrap the other party, then such promise, in case the refusal to perform take place, will amount to actual fraud. Anderson v. Red, L.R.A. 1916B, 862, 20 N.M. 202, 148 Pac. 502.

l. the procuring of property upon a promise which the party, at the time, does not intend to perform, is a fraud. Cerny v. Paxton &amp; G. Co. 10 L.R.A (N.S.) 640, 78 Neb. 134, 110 N.W. 882.

And, for our non-lawyer friends, a very simple non-technical summary:

http://onlineessays.com/essays/politics/a-fraud-lawsuit-under-california-law-2.php

False Promise. A claim of fraud may arise if a defendant entered into a contract and made promises that it never intended to perform. The elements of a false promise claim are:

a. The defendant made a promise.

b. The promise was important to the transaction.

c. At the time he or she made the promise, the defendant did not intend to perform it.

d. The defendant intended the victim to rely upon the promise.

e. The victim reasonably relied upon the promise.

f. The defendant did not perform the promise.

g. The victim was harmed as a result of defendant not carrying out his or her promise.

h. The victim’s reliance on the defendant’s promise was a substantial factor in causing the victim’s harm.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>Since when do you go to jail for breaching a contract?</p></blockquote>
<p>Miriam: he didn&#8217;t just breach a contract; he entered into a contract without any intention to perform. This is a classic common-law fraud. I am quite sure it&#8217;s also a criminal fraud, but I don&#8217;t have time to search this stuff now. For common-law fraud, see, e.g., here:</p>
<p><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=k-AnAAAAYAAJ&#038;pg=PA4684&#038;lpg=PA4684&#038;dq=fraud+not+intended+to+perform+contract&#038;source=web&#038;ots=xVj60i5t3j&#038;sig=Qr4F7QOhTSsnlDqDFQddgUCIJaM&#038;hl=en&#038;sa=X&#038;oi=book_result&#038;resnum=1&#038;ct=result" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=k-AnAAAAYAAJ&#038;pg=PA4684&#038;lpg=PA4684&#038;dq=fraud+not+intended+to+perform+contract&#038;source=web&#038;ots=xVj60i5t3j&#038;sig=Qr4F7QOhTSsnlDqDFQddgUCIJaM&#038;hl=en&#038;sa=X&#038;oi=book_result&#038;resnum=1&#038;ct=result</a></p>
<p>k. If a promise to perform some act in the future is made with the design and intention of the promisor to disregard it, and with no intention to perform it, and is made to deceive and entrap the other party, then such promise, in case the refusal to perform take place, will amount to actual fraud. Anderson v. Red, L.R.A. 1916B, 862, 20 N.M. 202, 148 Pac. 502.</p>
<p>l. the procuring of property upon a promise which the party, at the time, does not intend to perform, is a fraud. Cerny v. Paxton &#038; G. Co. 10 L.R.A (N.S.) 640, 78 Neb. 134, 110 N.W. 882.</p>
<p>And, for our non-lawyer friends, a very simple non-technical summary:</p>
<p><a href="http://onlineessays.com/essays/politics/a-fraud-lawsuit-under-california-law-2.php" rel="nofollow">http://onlineessays.com/essays/politics/a-fraud-lawsuit-under-california-law-2.php</a></p>
<p>False Promise. A claim of fraud may arise if a defendant entered into a contract and made promises that it never intended to perform. The elements of a false promise claim are:</p>
<p>a. The defendant made a promise.</p>
<p>b. The promise was important to the transaction.</p>
<p>c. At the time he or she made the promise, the defendant did not intend to perform it.</p>
<p>d. The defendant intended the victim to rely upon the promise.</p>
<p>e. The victim reasonably relied upon the promise.</p>
<p>f. The defendant did not perform the promise.</p>
<p>g. The victim was harmed as a result of defendant not carrying out his or her promise.</p>
<p>h. The victim’s reliance on the defendant’s promise was a substantial factor in causing the victim’s harm.</p>
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		<title>By: Patrick S. O'Donnell</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45142</link>
		<dc:creator>Patrick S. O'Donnell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 20:22:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45142</guid>
		<description>No...but the brilliance of your intelligence, the sparkling of your wit and the dazzling display of psychological discernment are blinding: I&#039;m in hasty retreat to the comforting confines of the Platonic cave.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>No&#8230;but the brilliance of your intelligence, the sparkling of your wit and the dazzling display of psychological discernment are blinding: I&#8217;m in hasty retreat to the comforting confines of the Platonic cave.</p>
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		<title>By: A.W.</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45141</link>
		<dc:creator>A.W.</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 20:10:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45141</guid>
		<description>Ah, well, to be fair, I do see alot of self-deception on your part.  Does that cheer you up?

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ah, well, to be fair, I do see alot of self-deception on your part.  Does that cheer you up?</p>
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		<title>By: Patrick S. O'Donnell</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45140</link>
		<dc:creator>Patrick S. O'Donnell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 17:51:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45140</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m so utterly disappointed and rather depressed now that I&#039;ve learned, yet again, I&#039;ve failed to fool anyone.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m so utterly disappointed and rather depressed now that I&#8217;ve learned, yet again, I&#8217;ve failed to fool anyone.</p>
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		<title>By: A.W.</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45139</link>
		<dc:creator>A.W.</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 17:43:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45139</guid>
		<description>Patrick

&gt;  Oh, I understand now: it was environmental activists cooking up clever legal and illegal strategies and tactics as part of their fight on issues dear to them, that helped drive up the price of gas.

Yes, that is exactly what it was, among other factors.  If we drilled in ANWR we wouldn&#039;t have had $4 a gallon gas.  if we built a new refinery, same outcome.  if we retrieve our shale oil, or use coal, etc.

Maybe you think environmentalism is a good thing.  Fine.  But it is not a costless thing.  Again, you are fooling no one.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Patrick</p>
<p>>  Oh, I understand now: it was environmental activists cooking up clever legal and illegal strategies and tactics as part of their fight on issues dear to them, that helped drive up the price of gas.</p>
<p>Yes, that is exactly what it was, among other factors.  If we drilled in ANWR we wouldn&#8217;t have had $4 a gallon gas.  if we built a new refinery, same outcome.  if we retrieve our shale oil, or use coal, etc.</p>
<p>Maybe you think environmentalism is a good thing.  Fine.  But it is not a costless thing.  Again, you are fooling no one.</p>
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		<title>By: Patrick S. O'Donnell</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45138</link>
		<dc:creator>Patrick S. O'Donnell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 16:47:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45138</guid>
		<description>&quot;Its [sic] idiots like this that gave us $4 a gallon gas last summer.&quot;

Oh, I understand now: it was environmental activists cooking up clever legal and illegal strategies and tactics as part of their fight on issues dear to them, that helped drive up the price of gas.

Nate,

I think you&#039;re absolutely on point as regard Thoreau&#039;s conception of civil disobedience. At the now defunct and sorely missed Law and Society blog I critized animal rights activists who likewise have a curious conception of civil disobedience, one that was not too civil nor in the tradition of civil disobedience that runs from Thoreau through Gandhi and King last century, including reliance on legal pleadings and defenses designed to avoid accepting punishment for deliberately breaking the law. Back in the days when we fought against the siting of PG &amp; E&#039;s Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power plant, not a few of my Abalone Alliance comrades planned to trespass and then invoke a &quot;necessity&quot; defense so as to avoid prosecution: they still thought that this was civil disobedience (because nonviolent and owing to the fact that the law enforcement authorities were informed in advance of their plans, etc.; I vigorously argued to the contrary, claiming they/we were not acting in the tradition of a long-standing if not persuasive model of civil disobedience and that therefore their actions would, in the end, both diminish favorable publicity for our cause and confuse the public as to the meaning of civil disobedience, among other things; cf.: http://www.lawsocietyblog.com/archives/288.). I&#039;m hoping to find the time to write a paper on this before the end of this year.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;Its [sic] idiots like this that gave us $4 a gallon gas last summer.&#8221;</p>
<p>Oh, I understand now: it was environmental activists cooking up clever legal and illegal strategies and tactics as part of their fight on issues dear to them, that helped drive up the price of gas.</p>
<p>Nate,</p>
<p>I think you&#8217;re absolutely on point as regard Thoreau&#8217;s conception of civil disobedience. At the now defunct and sorely missed Law and Society blog I critized animal rights activists who likewise have a curious conception of civil disobedience, one that was not too civil nor in the tradition of civil disobedience that runs from Thoreau through Gandhi and King last century, including reliance on legal pleadings and defenses designed to avoid accepting punishment for deliberately breaking the law. Back in the days when we fought against the siting of PG &#038; E&#8217;s Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power plant, not a few of my Abalone Alliance comrades planned to trespass and then invoke a &#8220;necessity&#8221; defense so as to avoid prosecution: they still thought that this was civil disobedience (because nonviolent and owing to the fact that the law enforcement authorities were informed in advance of their plans, etc.; I vigorously argued to the contrary, claiming they/we were not acting in the tradition of a long-standing if not persuasive model of civil disobedience and that therefore their actions would, in the end, both diminish favorable publicity for our cause and confuse the public as to the meaning of civil disobedience, among other things; cf.: <a href="http://www.lawsocietyblog.com/archives/288" rel="nofollow">http://www.lawsocietyblog.com/archives/288</a>.). I&#8217;m hoping to find the time to write a paper on this before the end of this year.</p>
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		<title>By: Miriam Cherry</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45137</link>
		<dc:creator>Miriam Cherry</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 11:24:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45137</guid>
		<description>Since when do you go to jail for breaching a contract?

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Since when do you go to jail for breaching a contract?</p>
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		<title>By: Quidpro</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45136</link>
		<dc:creator>Quidpro</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2009 03:41:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45136</guid>
		<description>DeChristopher entered into several contracts that he never intended to perform.  That is fraud.  That such &quot;civil disobedience&quot; is celebrated by so-called &quot;conservationists&quot; is ridiculous.

DeChristopher&#039;s juvenile antics merely expose the intellectual (and moral) bankruptcy of much of the enviornmental-leftist agenda on &quot;global warming&quot;.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>DeChristopher entered into several contracts that he never intended to perform.  That is fraud.  That such &#8220;civil disobedience&#8221; is celebrated by so-called &#8220;conservationists&#8221; is ridiculous.</p>
<p>DeChristopher&#8217;s juvenile antics merely expose the intellectual (and moral) bankruptcy of much of the enviornmental-leftist agenda on &#8220;global warming&#8221;.</p>
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		<title>By: Long</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45135</link>
		<dc:creator>Long</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 23:41:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45135</guid>
		<description>Not that my heart is not with DeChristopher, but....

1.  DeChristopher&#039;s strategy should only work once, at least in theory, since the seller should be able to obtain permanent injunction preventing him from participating in the future.  The legal remedies are inadwquate, and a clever lawyer should be able to frame an adequate pleading here.  If nothing else, it imposed additional cost on DeChristopher.

2.  The seller should require all bidder, as a condition for participating in the bidding, to provide a bond to cover a certain percentage of their potential bids.  The bond would be returned to them if they are unsuccessful in the bidding or if they pay the contract price.  This would provide a gatekeeping function and deterrence to the likes of DeChristorpher.

3.  I think one should be a little more creative in thinking about whether there is a contract which DeChristopher has interfered with.  The entire bidding process might be viewed as a contract between the seller and those potential bidder who are actually in attendance.  Everyone has implicitly agreed to conduct themselves in a certain manner, and DeChristopher has breach that agreement.  If one does not think there is c contract or quasi contract here, then that can be address by having the seller have a simply contract that all potential bidders must signed as a condition for bidding, stating that they certify that they will only submit bid which they are in a financial position to honor.   DeChristopher would not be able to satisfy that condition.

As I said, my heart may be with DeChristopher...but civil disobedience should not be costless.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Not that my heart is not with DeChristopher, but&#8230;.</p>
<p>1.  DeChristopher&#8217;s strategy should only work once, at least in theory, since the seller should be able to obtain permanent injunction preventing him from participating in the future.  The legal remedies are inadwquate, and a clever lawyer should be able to frame an adequate pleading here.  If nothing else, it imposed additional cost on DeChristopher.</p>
<p>2.  The seller should require all bidder, as a condition for participating in the bidding, to provide a bond to cover a certain percentage of their potential bids.  The bond would be returned to them if they are unsuccessful in the bidding or if they pay the contract price.  This would provide a gatekeeping function and deterrence to the likes of DeChristorpher.</p>
<p>3.  I think one should be a little more creative in thinking about whether there is a contract which DeChristopher has interfered with.  The entire bidding process might be viewed as a contract between the seller and those potential bidder who are actually in attendance.  Everyone has implicitly agreed to conduct themselves in a certain manner, and DeChristopher has breach that agreement.  If one does not think there is c contract or quasi contract here, then that can be address by having the seller have a simply contract that all potential bidders must signed as a condition for bidding, stating that they certify that they will only submit bid which they are in a financial position to honor.   DeChristopher would not be able to satisfy that condition.</p>
<p>As I said, my heart may be with DeChristopher&#8230;but civil disobedience should not be costless.</p>
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		<title>By: A.W.</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45134</link>
		<dc:creator>A.W.</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 22:57:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45134</guid>
		<description>I will expect that following this article, that the police will arrest him for fraud, right?

Well, they probably won&#039;t but they would have the right to do so, and they should.

Its idiots like this that gave us $4 a gallon gas last summer.  But of course we are going to have at least 2 years of democrats making the energy situations worse not better.  i hope i am wrong, but i don&#039;t believe i am.

</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I will expect that following this article, that the police will arrest him for fraud, right?</p>
<p>Well, they probably won&#8217;t but they would have the right to do so, and they should.</p>
<p>Its idiots like this that gave us $4 a gallon gas last summer.  But of course we are going to have at least 2 years of democrats making the energy situations worse not better.  i hope i am wrong, but i don&#8217;t believe i am.</p>
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		<title>By: Waldo</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45133</link>
		<dc:creator>Waldo</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 21:54:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45133</guid>
		<description>In many jurisdictions it is fraud to enter into a contract when one does not intend to honor that contract.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In many jurisdictions it is fraud to enter into a contract when one does not intend to honor that contract.</p>
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		<title>By: David Schraub</title>
		<link>http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2009/01/environmentalis.html/comment-page-1#comment-45132</link>
		<dc:creator>David Schraub</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 20:13:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.solove.org/archives/2009/01/environmentalism-by-breach-of-contract.html#comment-45132</guid>
		<description>DeChristopher&#039;s strategy becomes even more clever if one imagines it as a delaying action. Not only do the gas companies have to pay higher prices on the sites they won, but DeChristopher might have figured that some of the sites he won may be taken off the table in the new Obama administration (who will have taken office by the time the new auction starts), thus scoring an even bigger victory for conservation.

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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>DeChristopher&#8217;s strategy becomes even more clever if one imagines it as a delaying action. Not only do the gas companies have to pay higher prices on the sites they won, but DeChristopher might have figured that some of the sites he won may be taken off the table in the new Obama administration (who will have taken office by the time the new auction starts), thus scoring an even bigger victory for conservation.</p>
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